Metody getter a setter se často používají v programování v jazyce Java. Metody getter a setter v Javě jsou široce používány pro přístup a manipulaci s hodnotami polí tříd. Pole tříd jsou obvykle ozdobena specifikátorem soukromého přístupu. Pro přístup k nim se tedy používají specifikátory veřejného přístupu s metodami getter a setter.

Potřeba metody Getter a Setter

Někdo může namítnout, že deklarovat pole tříd jako veřejné a odstranit metody getter a setter. Takový styl kódování je však špatný a pole třídy může přikládat absurdní hodnotu. Pojďme to pochopit pomocí příkladu.

 public class GetterSetterExample { public salary; public storeSalaryDB(int salary) { // code for storing the salary in the database } // main method public static void main(String argvs[]) { GetterSetterExample obj = new GetterSetterExample(); obj.salary = -50000; // storing salary in database obj.storeSalaryDB(salary); } } 

Všimněte si, že kód ukládá do databáze zápornou mzdu, která je chybná. Organizace nikdy nepřipíše zápornou mzdu na účet zaměstnance. Přiřazení absurdní částky do proměnné platu se stalo, protože je deklarována se specifikátorem veřejného přístupu. Správný způsob, jak napsat výše uvedený kód, je:

pvr plná forma

 public class GetterSetterExample { private salary; // a setter method that assign a // value to the salary variable void setSalary(int s) { if(s <0 ) { s="-s;" } this.salary="s;" a getter mehtod to retrieve the salary int getsalary() return this.salary; public storesalarydb(int salary) code for storing in database system.out.println('the ') main method static void main(string argvs[]) creating an object of class gettersetterexample obj="new" gettersetterexample(); obj.setsalary(-50000); obj.storesalarydb(salary); < pre> <p>Now, we can see better control over what we send to the database to store. Whenever the salary is negative, we are converting the salary into a positive value, and then we are sending it to the database to store. Thus, no matter what value we send to the setter method, the if-block of the setter method takes care of the absurd value and thus gives better control on the salary value.</p> <h2>Getter Setter Java Program</h2> <p> <strong>FileName:</strong> GetterSetterExample1.java</p> <pre> class Employee { // class member variable private int eId; private String eName; private String eDesignation; private String eCompany; public int getEmpId() { return eId; } public void setEmpId(final int eId) { this.eId = eId; } public String getEmpName() { return eName; } public void setEmpName(final String eName) { // Validating the employee&apos;s name and // throwing an exception if the name is null or its length is less than or equal to 0. if(eName == null || eName.length() <= 0) { throw new illegalargumentexception(); } this.ename="eName;" public string getempdesignation() return edesignation; void setempdesignation(final edesignation) this.edesignation="eDesignation;" getempcompany() ecompany; setempcompany(final ecompany) this.ecompany="eCompany;" for printing the values @override tostring() str="Employee: [id = " + getempid() ', name=" + getEmpName() + " , designation=" + getEmpDesignation() + " company=" + getEmpCompany() + " ]'; str; main class. class gettersetterexample1 method static main(string argvs[]) creating an object of employee final emp="new" employee(); details are getting set using setter methods. emp.setempid(107); emp.setempname('kathy'); emp.setempdesignation('software tester'); emp.setempcompany('xyz corporation'); displaying 'tostring()' method, which uses getter methods system.out.println(emp.tostring()); < pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> Employee: [id = 107, name = Kathy, designation = Software Tester, company = XYZ Corporation] </pre> <h2>Bad Practices in Getter and Setter Methods</h2> <p>There are some common bad practices that people usually do when they deal with the getter and setter methods.</p> <h3>Bad Practice 1:</h3> <p>Using getter and setter for the variable that is declared with low restricted scope.</p> <pre> public salary; void setSalary(int s) { salary = s; } int getSalary() { return salary; } </pre> <p>It is evident that from the main method, one can directly access the variable salary, which is not only bad but also makes the presence of the getter and setter methods irrelevant.</p> <h3>Bad Practice 2:</h3> <p>Using an object reference in the setter method. Consider the following program.</p> <p> <strong>FileName:</strong> GetterSetterExample2.java</p> <pre> class ABC { private int[] val; void setVal(int[] arr) { this.val = arr; // line 7 } // for displaying the value // present in the val array void display() { int size = (this.val).length; for(int i = 0; i <size; i++) { system.out.print(this.val[i] + ' '); } main class public gettersetterexample2 method static void main(string argvs[]) instantiating the abc obj="new" abc(); int mainarr[]="{3," 4, 6, 8, 78, 9}; invoking setter obj.setval(mainarr); display obj.display(); updating value at 0th index mainarr[0]="-1;" system.out.println(); < pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> 3 4 6 8 78 9 -1 4 6 8 78 9 </pre> <p> <strong>Explanation:</strong> </p> <p>References are a bit tricky to deal with! In the above code, at line 43, the value got updated at the 0th index for array mainArr[]. However, it also got reflected in the array val[]. It should not happen as val[] array is declared private; hence, it is expected that any code outside of the class ABC should not modify it. However, because of the references, everything is messed up. The setter method setVal() expecting a reference of an int array, and at line 7, the reference of the int arr[] is getting copied to val[]. Note that the reference variable arr[] is storing the reference of the array mainArr[]. Thus, we can say val[] is storing the reference of the mainArr[].</p> <p>Therefore, whatever we change in the mainArr[] also gets reflected in the val[] array, which violates the purpose of the setter method. Also, there is no meaning in adding the private access specifier to the val[] array; because one can change the value of the val[] array in the main method, which is evident by looking at the output.</p> <p>A better way of writing the above code is:</p> <p> <strong>FileName:</strong> GetterSetterExample3.java</p> <pre> class ABC { private int[] val; void setVal(int[] arr) { int size = arr.length; // allocating the memory as // per the array arr size val = new int[size]; // line 11 for(int i = 0; i <size; 17 53 i++) { copying the value one by into val array this.val[i]="arr[i];" line } for displaying present in void display() int size="(this.val).length;" for(int i="0;" < size; system.out.print(this.val[i] + ' '); main class. public class gettersetterexample3 method static main(string argvs[]) instantiating abc obj="new" abc(); mainarr[]="{3," 4, 6, 8, 78, 9}; invoking setter obj.setval(mainarr); display obj.display(); updating at 0th index mainarr[0]="-1;" system.out.println(); again pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> 3 4 6 8 78 9 3 4 6 8 78 9 </pre> <p> <strong>Explanation:</strong> </p> <p>In the above code, we are doing the deep copy of elements of the array arr[]. In line 11, we are creating an entirely new array. Thus, the val[] is not referring to the arr[]. Also, in line 17, only values of the element are getting copied. Therefore, when we change the value of the 0th element at line 53, the change is not reflected in the val[]. Thus, the above code respects the encapsulation of the private member variable val[].</p> <h3>Bad Practice 3:</h3> <p>Returning an object reference in the getter method. Observe the following program.</p> <p> <strong>FileName:</strong> GetterSetterExample4.java</p> <pre> class ABC { private int[] val = {67, 43, 68, 112, 70, 12}; // the getter method public int[] getVal() { // returning the reference return val; // line 9 } // for displaying the value // present in the val array void display() { int size = (this.val).length; for(int i = 0; i <size; 42 i++) { system.out.print(this.val[i] + ' '); } main class. public class gettersetterexample4 method static void main(string argvs[]) instantiating the abc obj="new" abc(); invoking getter and storing result int arr[]="obj.getVal();" display obj.display(); updating value at 0th index arr[0]="-1;" line system.out.println(); again < pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> 67 43 68 112 70 12 -1 43 68 112 70 12 </pre> <p> <strong>Explanation:</strong> </p> <p>The above code is not handling the references properly. The getter method is returning the reference of the array. The arr[] is storing the reference of the array val[], which is declared private in the class ABC. Because of exposing the reference to the outer world, arr[] can manipulate the val[], and thus, the encapsulation of the class ABC is breached. The proper way to handle the above is:</p> <p> <strong>FileName:</strong> GetterSetterExample5.java</p> <pre> class ABC { private int[] val = {67, 43, 68, 112, 70, 12}; // the getter method public int[] getVal() { int size = val.length; // creating a new array int temp[] = new int[size]; // copying the content of the array to temp array for(int i = 0; i <size; 54 i++) { temp[i]="val[i];" } return temp; for displaying the value present in val array void display() int size="(this.val).length;" for(int i="0;" < size; system.out.print(this.val[i] + ' '); main class. public class gettersetterexample5 method static main(string argvs[]) instantiating abc obj="new" abc(); invoking getter and storing result arr[]="obj.getVal();" display obj.display(); updating at 0th index arr[0]="-1;" line system.out.println(); pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> 67 43 68 112 70 12 67 43 68 112 70 12 </pre> <p> <strong>Explanation:</strong> In the above code, the reference of the private array is not sent to the outside world. In the getter method, a new array is created whose reference is sent to the main method. Therefore, when the value at the 0th index gets changed at line 54, that change impacts the temp[] array, not the private array val[]. Thus, the encapsulation of the class ABC is maintained, as the reference of the array val[] is not exposed to the outside world.</p> <h4>Note 1: For primitive data types (int, char, etc.), one does not need to create a copy in the getter and setter methods, as the concept of references is absent for the primitive data types.</h4> <h4>Note 2: Strings object types also work on the references. However, unlike the above examples, one does not need to take care of the String references exposed to the outside world. It is because Strings are immutable. Thus, when one manipulates the string in the main method (or anywhere else), a new String object is created, and the previous one remains untouched.</h4> <p> <strong>FileName:</strong> GetterSetterExample6.java</p> <pre> class ABC { private String str = null; // a setter method void setVal(String s) { // reference is getting copied this.str = s; } // for displaying the string void display() { System.out.println( &apos;The String is: &apos; + this.str); } } // Main class. public class GetterSetterExample6 { // main method public static void main(String argvs[]) { // creating an object of the class ABC ABC obj = new ABC(); // input string String inputStr = &apos;Hello India!&apos;; // invoking the setter method obj.setVal(inputStr); obj.display(); // manipulation is not allowed! // it leads to the creation of the new string inputStr = &apos;Hello World!&apos;; obj.display(); } } </pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> The String is: Hello India! The String is: Hello India! </pre> <hr></size;></pre></size;></pre></size;></pre></size;></pre></=></pre></0>

Špatné praktiky v metodách Getter a Setter

Existují některé běžné špatné postupy, které lidé obvykle dělají, když se zabývají metodami getter a setter.

Špatný postup 1:

Použití getter a setter pro proměnnou, která je deklarována s nízkým omezeným rozsahem.

 public salary; void setSalary(int s) { salary = s; } int getSalary() { return salary; } 

Je zřejmé, že z hlavní metody lze přímo přistupovat k variabilnímu platu, což je nejen špatné, ale také to činí přítomnost metod getter a setter irelevantní.

Špatný postup 2:

Použití odkazu na objekt v metodě setter. Zvažte následující program.

Název souboru: GetterSetterExample2.java

 class ABC { private int[] val; void setVal(int[] arr) { this.val = arr; // line 7 } // for displaying the value // present in the val array void display() { int size = (this.val).length; for(int i = 0; i <size; i++) { system.out.print(this.val[i] + \' \'); } main class public gettersetterexample2 method static void main(string argvs[]) instantiating the abc obj="new" abc(); int mainarr[]="{3," 4, 6, 8, 78, 9}; invoking setter obj.setval(mainarr); display obj.display(); updating value at 0th index mainarr[0]="-1;" system.out.println(); < pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> 3 4 6 8 78 9 -1 4 6 8 78 9 </pre> <p> <strong>Explanation:</strong> </p> <p>References are a bit tricky to deal with! In the above code, at line 43, the value got updated at the 0th index for array mainArr[]. However, it also got reflected in the array val[]. It should not happen as val[] array is declared private; hence, it is expected that any code outside of the class ABC should not modify it. However, because of the references, everything is messed up. The setter method setVal() expecting a reference of an int array, and at line 7, the reference of the int arr[] is getting copied to val[]. Note that the reference variable arr[] is storing the reference of the array mainArr[]. Thus, we can say val[] is storing the reference of the mainArr[].</p> <p>Therefore, whatever we change in the mainArr[] also gets reflected in the val[] array, which violates the purpose of the setter method. Also, there is no meaning in adding the private access specifier to the val[] array; because one can change the value of the val[] array in the main method, which is evident by looking at the output.</p> <p>A better way of writing the above code is:</p> <p> <strong>FileName:</strong> GetterSetterExample3.java</p> <pre> class ABC { private int[] val; void setVal(int[] arr) { int size = arr.length; // allocating the memory as // per the array arr size val = new int[size]; // line 11 for(int i = 0; i <size; 17 53 i++) { copying the value one by into val array this.val[i]="arr[i];" line } for displaying present in void display() int size="(this.val).length;" for(int i="0;" < size; system.out.print(this.val[i] + \' \'); main class. public class gettersetterexample3 method static main(string argvs[]) instantiating abc obj="new" abc(); mainarr[]="{3," 4, 6, 8, 78, 9}; invoking setter obj.setval(mainarr); display obj.display(); updating at 0th index mainarr[0]="-1;" system.out.println(); again pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> 3 4 6 8 78 9 3 4 6 8 78 9 </pre> <p> <strong>Explanation:</strong> </p> <p>In the above code, we are doing the deep copy of elements of the array arr[]. In line 11, we are creating an entirely new array. Thus, the val[] is not referring to the arr[]. Also, in line 17, only values of the element are getting copied. Therefore, when we change the value of the 0th element at line 53, the change is not reflected in the val[]. Thus, the above code respects the encapsulation of the private member variable val[].</p> <h3>Bad Practice 3:</h3> <p>Returning an object reference in the getter method. Observe the following program.</p> <p> <strong>FileName:</strong> GetterSetterExample4.java</p> <pre> class ABC { private int[] val = {67, 43, 68, 112, 70, 12}; // the getter method public int[] getVal() { // returning the reference return val; // line 9 } // for displaying the value // present in the val array void display() { int size = (this.val).length; for(int i = 0; i <size; 42 i++) { system.out.print(this.val[i] + \' \'); } main class. public class gettersetterexample4 method static void main(string argvs[]) instantiating the abc obj="new" abc(); invoking getter and storing result int arr[]="obj.getVal();" display obj.display(); updating value at 0th index arr[0]="-1;" line system.out.println(); again < pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> 67 43 68 112 70 12 -1 43 68 112 70 12 </pre> <p> <strong>Explanation:</strong> </p> <p>The above code is not handling the references properly. The getter method is returning the reference of the array. The arr[] is storing the reference of the array val[], which is declared private in the class ABC. Because of exposing the reference to the outer world, arr[] can manipulate the val[], and thus, the encapsulation of the class ABC is breached. The proper way to handle the above is:</p> <p> <strong>FileName:</strong> GetterSetterExample5.java</p> <pre> class ABC { private int[] val = {67, 43, 68, 112, 70, 12}; // the getter method public int[] getVal() { int size = val.length; // creating a new array int temp[] = new int[size]; // copying the content of the array to temp array for(int i = 0; i <size; 54 i++) { temp[i]="val[i];" } return temp; for displaying the value present in val array void display() int size="(this.val).length;" for(int i="0;" < size; system.out.print(this.val[i] + \' \'); main class. public class gettersetterexample5 method static main(string argvs[]) instantiating abc obj="new" abc(); invoking getter and storing result arr[]="obj.getVal();" display obj.display(); updating at 0th index arr[0]="-1;" line system.out.println(); pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> 67 43 68 112 70 12 67 43 68 112 70 12 </pre> <p> <strong>Explanation:</strong> In the above code, the reference of the private array is not sent to the outside world. In the getter method, a new array is created whose reference is sent to the main method. Therefore, when the value at the 0th index gets changed at line 54, that change impacts the temp[] array, not the private array val[]. Thus, the encapsulation of the class ABC is maintained, as the reference of the array val[] is not exposed to the outside world.</p> <h4>Note 1: For primitive data types (int, char, etc.), one does not need to create a copy in the getter and setter methods, as the concept of references is absent for the primitive data types.</h4> <h4>Note 2: Strings object types also work on the references. However, unlike the above examples, one does not need to take care of the String references exposed to the outside world. It is because Strings are immutable. Thus, when one manipulates the string in the main method (or anywhere else), a new String object is created, and the previous one remains untouched.</h4> <p> <strong>FileName:</strong> GetterSetterExample6.java</p> <pre> class ABC { private String str = null; // a setter method void setVal(String s) { // reference is getting copied this.str = s; } // for displaying the string void display() { System.out.println( &apos;The String is: &apos; + this.str); } } // Main class. public class GetterSetterExample6 { // main method public static void main(String argvs[]) { // creating an object of the class ABC ABC obj = new ABC(); // input string String inputStr = &apos;Hello India!&apos;; // invoking the setter method obj.setVal(inputStr); obj.display(); // manipulation is not allowed! // it leads to the creation of the new string inputStr = &apos;Hello World!&apos;; obj.display(); } } </pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> The String is: Hello India! The String is: Hello India! </pre> <hr></size;></pre></size;></pre></size;></pre></size;>

Vysvětlení:

mediální přenos

Vyřizování referencí je trochu složitější! Ve výše uvedeném kódu na řádku 43 byla hodnota aktualizována na 0. indexu pro pole mainArr[]. Odrazilo se to však také v poli val[]. Nemělo by se to stát, protože pole val[] je deklarováno jako soukromé; proto se očekává, že žádný kód mimo třídu ABC by jej neměl upravovat. Kvůli referencím je však vše zpackané. Metoda setter setVal() očekává odkaz na pole int a na řádku 7 se odkaz int arr[] zkopíruje do val[]. Všimněte si, že referenční proměnná arr[] ukládá odkaz na pole mainArr[]. Můžeme tedy říci, že val[] ukládá odkaz mainArr[].

Cokoli tedy změníme v mainArr[], se také projeví v poli val[], což porušuje účel metody setter. Také nemá smysl přidávat specifikátor soukromého přístupu do pole val[]; protože je možné změnit hodnotu pole val[] v hlavní metodě, což je zřejmé při pohledu na výstup.

Lepší způsob, jak napsat výše uvedený kód, je:

Název souboru: GetterSetterExample3.java

 class ABC { private int[] val; void setVal(int[] arr) { int size = arr.length; // allocating the memory as // per the array arr size val = new int[size]; // line 11 for(int i = 0; i <size; 17 53 i++) { copying the value one by into val array this.val[i]="arr[i];" line } for displaying present in void display() int size="(this.val).length;" for(int i="0;" < size; system.out.print(this.val[i] + \' \'); main class. public class gettersetterexample3 method static main(string argvs[]) instantiating abc obj="new" abc(); mainarr[]="{3," 4, 6, 8, 78, 9}; invoking setter obj.setval(mainarr); display obj.display(); updating at 0th index mainarr[0]="-1;" system.out.println(); again pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> 3 4 6 8 78 9 3 4 6 8 78 9 </pre> <p> <strong>Explanation:</strong> </p> <p>In the above code, we are doing the deep copy of elements of the array arr[]. In line 11, we are creating an entirely new array. Thus, the val[] is not referring to the arr[]. Also, in line 17, only values of the element are getting copied. Therefore, when we change the value of the 0th element at line 53, the change is not reflected in the val[]. Thus, the above code respects the encapsulation of the private member variable val[].</p> <h3>Bad Practice 3:</h3> <p>Returning an object reference in the getter method. Observe the following program.</p> <p> <strong>FileName:</strong> GetterSetterExample4.java</p> <pre> class ABC { private int[] val = {67, 43, 68, 112, 70, 12}; // the getter method public int[] getVal() { // returning the reference return val; // line 9 } // for displaying the value // present in the val array void display() { int size = (this.val).length; for(int i = 0; i <size; 42 i++) { system.out.print(this.val[i] + \' \'); } main class. public class gettersetterexample4 method static void main(string argvs[]) instantiating the abc obj="new" abc(); invoking getter and storing result int arr[]="obj.getVal();" display obj.display(); updating value at 0th index arr[0]="-1;" line system.out.println(); again < pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> 67 43 68 112 70 12 -1 43 68 112 70 12 </pre> <p> <strong>Explanation:</strong> </p> <p>The above code is not handling the references properly. The getter method is returning the reference of the array. The arr[] is storing the reference of the array val[], which is declared private in the class ABC. Because of exposing the reference to the outer world, arr[] can manipulate the val[], and thus, the encapsulation of the class ABC is breached. The proper way to handle the above is:</p> <p> <strong>FileName:</strong> GetterSetterExample5.java</p> <pre> class ABC { private int[] val = {67, 43, 68, 112, 70, 12}; // the getter method public int[] getVal() { int size = val.length; // creating a new array int temp[] = new int[size]; // copying the content of the array to temp array for(int i = 0; i <size; 54 i++) { temp[i]="val[i];" } return temp; for displaying the value present in val array void display() int size="(this.val).length;" for(int i="0;" < size; system.out.print(this.val[i] + \' \'); main class. public class gettersetterexample5 method static main(string argvs[]) instantiating abc obj="new" abc(); invoking getter and storing result arr[]="obj.getVal();" display obj.display(); updating at 0th index arr[0]="-1;" line system.out.println(); pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> 67 43 68 112 70 12 67 43 68 112 70 12 </pre> <p> <strong>Explanation:</strong> In the above code, the reference of the private array is not sent to the outside world. In the getter method, a new array is created whose reference is sent to the main method. Therefore, when the value at the 0th index gets changed at line 54, that change impacts the temp[] array, not the private array val[]. Thus, the encapsulation of the class ABC is maintained, as the reference of the array val[] is not exposed to the outside world.</p> <h4>Note 1: For primitive data types (int, char, etc.), one does not need to create a copy in the getter and setter methods, as the concept of references is absent for the primitive data types.</h4> <h4>Note 2: Strings object types also work on the references. However, unlike the above examples, one does not need to take care of the String references exposed to the outside world. It is because Strings are immutable. Thus, when one manipulates the string in the main method (or anywhere else), a new String object is created, and the previous one remains untouched.</h4> <p> <strong>FileName:</strong> GetterSetterExample6.java</p> <pre> class ABC { private String str = null; // a setter method void setVal(String s) { // reference is getting copied this.str = s; } // for displaying the string void display() { System.out.println( &apos;The String is: &apos; + this.str); } } // Main class. public class GetterSetterExample6 { // main method public static void main(String argvs[]) { // creating an object of the class ABC ABC obj = new ABC(); // input string String inputStr = &apos;Hello India!&apos;; // invoking the setter method obj.setVal(inputStr); obj.display(); // manipulation is not allowed! // it leads to the creation of the new string inputStr = &apos;Hello World!&apos;; obj.display(); } } </pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> The String is: Hello India! The String is: Hello India! </pre> <hr></size;></pre></size;></pre></size;>

Vysvětlení:

Ve výše uvedeném kódu provádíme hlubokou kopii prvků pole arr[]. V řádku 11 vytváříme zcela nové pole. Val[] tedy neodkazuje na arr[]. Také na řádku 17 se kopírují pouze hodnoty prvku. Když tedy změníme hodnotu 0. prvku na řádku 53, změna se neprojeví ve val[]. Výše uvedený kód tedy respektuje zapouzdření soukromé členské proměnné val[].

Špatný postup 3:

Vrácení odkazu na objekt v metodě getter. Dodržujte následující program.

dlouhý na řetězec java

Název souboru: GetterSetterExample4.java

 class ABC { private int[] val = {67, 43, 68, 112, 70, 12}; // the getter method public int[] getVal() { // returning the reference return val; // line 9 } // for displaying the value // present in the val array void display() { int size = (this.val).length; for(int i = 0; i <size; 42 i++) { system.out.print(this.val[i] + \' \'); } main class. public class gettersetterexample4 method static void main(string argvs[]) instantiating the abc obj="new" abc(); invoking getter and storing result int arr[]="obj.getVal();" display obj.display(); updating value at 0th index arr[0]="-1;" line system.out.println(); again < pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> 67 43 68 112 70 12 -1 43 68 112 70 12 </pre> <p> <strong>Explanation:</strong> </p> <p>The above code is not handling the references properly. The getter method is returning the reference of the array. The arr[] is storing the reference of the array val[], which is declared private in the class ABC. Because of exposing the reference to the outer world, arr[] can manipulate the val[], and thus, the encapsulation of the class ABC is breached. The proper way to handle the above is:</p> <p> <strong>FileName:</strong> GetterSetterExample5.java</p> <pre> class ABC { private int[] val = {67, 43, 68, 112, 70, 12}; // the getter method public int[] getVal() { int size = val.length; // creating a new array int temp[] = new int[size]; // copying the content of the array to temp array for(int i = 0; i <size; 54 i++) { temp[i]="val[i];" } return temp; for displaying the value present in val array void display() int size="(this.val).length;" for(int i="0;" < size; system.out.print(this.val[i] + \' \'); main class. public class gettersetterexample5 method static main(string argvs[]) instantiating abc obj="new" abc(); invoking getter and storing result arr[]="obj.getVal();" display obj.display(); updating at 0th index arr[0]="-1;" line system.out.println(); pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> 67 43 68 112 70 12 67 43 68 112 70 12 </pre> <p> <strong>Explanation:</strong> In the above code, the reference of the private array is not sent to the outside world. In the getter method, a new array is created whose reference is sent to the main method. Therefore, when the value at the 0th index gets changed at line 54, that change impacts the temp[] array, not the private array val[]. Thus, the encapsulation of the class ABC is maintained, as the reference of the array val[] is not exposed to the outside world.</p> <h4>Note 1: For primitive data types (int, char, etc.), one does not need to create a copy in the getter and setter methods, as the concept of references is absent for the primitive data types.</h4> <h4>Note 2: Strings object types also work on the references. However, unlike the above examples, one does not need to take care of the String references exposed to the outside world. It is because Strings are immutable. Thus, when one manipulates the string in the main method (or anywhere else), a new String object is created, and the previous one remains untouched.</h4> <p> <strong>FileName:</strong> GetterSetterExample6.java</p> <pre> class ABC { private String str = null; // a setter method void setVal(String s) { // reference is getting copied this.str = s; } // for displaying the string void display() { System.out.println( &apos;The String is: &apos; + this.str); } } // Main class. public class GetterSetterExample6 { // main method public static void main(String argvs[]) { // creating an object of the class ABC ABC obj = new ABC(); // input string String inputStr = &apos;Hello India!&apos;; // invoking the setter method obj.setVal(inputStr); obj.display(); // manipulation is not allowed! // it leads to the creation of the new string inputStr = &apos;Hello World!&apos;; obj.display(); } } </pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> The String is: Hello India! The String is: Hello India! </pre> <hr></size;></pre></size;>

Vysvětlení:

Výše uvedený kód správně nezpracovává odkazy. Metoda getter vrací odkaz na pole. Arr[] ukládá odkaz na pole val[], které je deklarováno jako soukromé ve třídě ABC. Kvůli odhalení odkazu na vnější svět může arr[] manipulovat s val[], a tak je porušeno zapouzdření třídy ABC. Správný způsob, jak zvládnout výše uvedené, je:

Název souboru: GetterSetterExample5.java

 class ABC { private int[] val = {67, 43, 68, 112, 70, 12}; // the getter method public int[] getVal() { int size = val.length; // creating a new array int temp[] = new int[size]; // copying the content of the array to temp array for(int i = 0; i <size; 54 i++) { temp[i]="val[i];" } return temp; for displaying the value present in val array void display() int size="(this.val).length;" for(int i="0;" < size; system.out.print(this.val[i] + \\' \\'); main class. public class gettersetterexample5 method static main(string argvs[]) instantiating abc obj="new" abc(); invoking getter and storing result arr[]="obj.getVal();" display obj.display(); updating at 0th index arr[0]="-1;" line system.out.println(); pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> 67 43 68 112 70 12 67 43 68 112 70 12 </pre> <p> <strong>Explanation:</strong> In the above code, the reference of the private array is not sent to the outside world. In the getter method, a new array is created whose reference is sent to the main method. Therefore, when the value at the 0th index gets changed at line 54, that change impacts the temp[] array, not the private array val[]. Thus, the encapsulation of the class ABC is maintained, as the reference of the array val[] is not exposed to the outside world.</p> <h4>Note 1: For primitive data types (int, char, etc.), one does not need to create a copy in the getter and setter methods, as the concept of references is absent for the primitive data types.</h4> <h4>Note 2: Strings object types also work on the references. However, unlike the above examples, one does not need to take care of the String references exposed to the outside world. It is because Strings are immutable. Thus, when one manipulates the string in the main method (or anywhere else), a new String object is created, and the previous one remains untouched.</h4> <p> <strong>FileName:</strong> GetterSetterExample6.java</p> <pre> class ABC { private String str = null; // a setter method void setVal(String s) { // reference is getting copied this.str = s; } // for displaying the string void display() { System.out.println( &apos;The String is: &apos; + this.str); } } // Main class. public class GetterSetterExample6 { // main method public static void main(String argvs[]) { // creating an object of the class ABC ABC obj = new ABC(); // input string String inputStr = &apos;Hello India!&apos;; // invoking the setter method obj.setVal(inputStr); obj.display(); // manipulation is not allowed! // it leads to the creation of the new string inputStr = &apos;Hello World!&apos;; obj.display(); } } </pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <pre> The String is: Hello India! The String is: Hello India! </pre> <hr></size;>

Vysvětlení: Ve výše uvedeném kódu není odkaz na soukromé pole odeslán do vnějšího světa. V metodě getter je vytvořeno nové pole, jehož odkaz je odeslán do hlavní metody. Proto, když se hodnota na 0. indexu změní na řádku 54, tato změna ovlivní pole temp[], nikoli privátní pole val[]. Tím je zachováno zapouzdření třídy ABC, protože reference pole val[] není vystavena vnějšímu světu.

Poznámka 1: Pro primitivní datové typy (int, char atd.) není nutné vytvářet kopii v metodách getter a setter, protože koncept odkazů u primitivních datových typů chybí.

Poznámka 2: Typy objektů Řetězce fungují také na odkazech. Na rozdíl od výše uvedených příkladů se však o reference String vystavené vnějšímu světu nemusíme starat. Je to proto, že řetězce jsou neměnné. Když se tedy manipuluje s řetězcem v hlavní metodě (nebo kdekoli jinde), vytvoří se nový objekt String a předchozí zůstane nedotčen.

Název souboru: GetterSetterExample6.java

 class ABC { private String str = null; // a setter method void setVal(String s) { // reference is getting copied this.str = s; } // for displaying the string void display() { System.out.println( 'The String is: ' + this.str); } } // Main class. public class GetterSetterExample6 { // main method public static void main(String argvs[]) { // creating an object of the class ABC ABC obj = new ABC(); // input string String inputStr = 'Hello India!'; // invoking the setter method obj.setVal(inputStr); obj.display(); // manipulation is not allowed! // it leads to the creation of the new string inputStr = 'Hello World!'; obj.display(); } } 

Výstup:

 The String is: Hello India! The String is: Hello India!